SOCI 620: Lab 1
Peter McMahan
RMardown example
This is an RMarkdown document. It is a plain-text file that mixes regular text with bits of R code (called “chunks”).
The regular text uses a format called markdown that lets you specify structure and formatting in plain text. You can make text bold or italicized (using underscores also works). lines that start with a “#” and a space in markdown are section headers. There are lots of other options (ordered lists, hyperlinks, images, etc); see https://www.markdownguide.org/cheat-sheet/ for a simple ‘cheat sheet’ or https://pandoc.org/MANUAL.html for a in-depth documentation on the type of markdown used in RStudio.
Setting up
Running some code
This script won’t do much, but let’s explore R’s built-in
foxes dataset. The following code chunk loads the data and
prints it. The code block starts and ends with three backticks (`). The
text in the curly brackets at the top ({}) tells the interpreter that
the code is R code and gives the chunk a label, which can be useful for
debugging.
# first load the data
data(foxes)
# then print it
foxes## group avgfood groupsize area weight
## 1 1 0.37 2 1.09 5.02
## 2 1 0.37 2 1.09 2.84
## 3 2 0.53 2 2.05 5.33
## 4 2 0.53 2 2.05 6.07
## 5 3 0.49 2 2.12 5.85
## 6 3 0.49 2 2.12 3.25
## 7 4 0.45 2 1.29 4.53
## 8 4 0.45 2 1.29 4.09
## 9 5 0.74 3 3.78 6.13
## 10 5 0.74 3 3.78 5.59
## 11 5 0.74 3 3.78 5.83
## 12 6 0.57 3 2.24 3.93
## 13 6 0.57 3 2.24 4.34
## 14 6 0.57 3 2.24 6.09
## 15 7 0.74 3 2.75 6.85
## 16 7 0.74 3 2.75 6.05
## 17 7 0.74 3 2.75 3.21
## 18 8 0.42 3 1.88 3.72
## 19 8 0.42 3 1.88 3.92
## 20 8 0.42 3 1.88 5.71
## 21 9 0.68 3 3.77 5.95
## 22 9 0.68 3 3.77 4.66
## 23 9 0.68 3 3.77 6.22
## 24 10 0.65 3 1.73 6.70
## 25 10 0.65 3 1.73 6.22
## 26 10 0.65 3 1.73 1.92
## 27 11 0.51 3 2.21 4.31
## 28 11 0.51 3 2.21 3.43
## 29 11 0.51 3 2.21 5.97
## 30 12 0.98 7 3.84 5.30
## 31 12 0.98 7 3.84 3.88
## 32 12 0.98 7 3.84 3.18
## 33 12 0.98 7 3.84 2.78
## 34 12 0.98 7 3.84 2.99
## 35 12 0.98 7 3.84 3.58
## 36 12 0.98 7 3.84 6.86
## 37 13 0.60 4 3.02 4.24
## 38 13 0.60 4 3.02 3.46
## 39 13 0.60 4 3.02 4.19
## 40 13 0.60 4 3.02 2.35
## 41 14 0.77 4 3.43 4.72
## 42 14 0.77 4 3.43 4.42
## 43 14 0.77 4 3.43 4.83
## 44 14 0.77 4 3.43 6.02
## 45 15 0.73 4 2.65 5.83
## 46 15 0.73 4 2.65 5.02
## 47 15 0.73 4 2.65 5.37
## 48 15 0.73 4 2.65 2.01
## 49 16 0.72 4 3.54 4.25
## 50 16 0.72 4 3.54 4.38
## 51 16 0.72 4 3.54 4.84
## 52 16 0.72 4 3.54 3.18
## 53 17 0.66 4 2.45 4.63
## 54 17 0.66 4 2.45 3.86
## 55 17 0.66 4 2.45 4.82
## 56 17 0.66 4 2.45 6.54
## 57 18 1.21 8 5.07 3.29
## 58 18 1.21 8 5.07 3.99
## 59 18 1.21 8 5.07 3.84
## 60 18 1.21 8 5.07 3.98
## 61 18 1.21 8 5.07 4.44
## 62 18 1.21 8 5.07 4.74
## 63 18 1.21 8 5.07 3.70
## 64 18 1.21 8 5.07 4.75
## 65 19 0.68 4 2.59 5.21
## 66 19 0.68 4 2.59 5.78
## 67 19 0.68 4 2.59 4.50
## 68 19 0.68 4 2.59 3.28
## 69 20 0.78 4 3.13 3.68
## 70 20 0.78 4 3.13 3.72
## 71 20 0.78 4 3.13 4.29
## 72 20 0.78 4 3.13 3.58
## 73 21 0.78 4 3.56 3.75
## 74 21 0.78 4 3.56 2.67
## 75 21 0.78 4 3.56 5.43
## 76 21 0.78 4 3.56 6.31
## 77 22 0.80 4 3.35 5.79
## 78 22 0.80 4 3.35 4.64
## 79 22 0.80 4 3.35 5.34
## 80 22 0.80 4 3.35 7.55
## 81 23 0.69 4 3.16 4.77
## 82 23 0.69 4 3.16 3.48
## 83 23 0.69 4 3.16 4.33
## 84 23 0.69 4 3.16 5.03
## 85 24 0.71 4 3.04 4.09
## 86 24 0.71 4 3.04 4.11
## 87 24 0.71 4 3.04 5.47
## 88 24 0.71 4 3.04 6.25
## 89 25 1.03 5 3.66 4.75
## 90 25 1.03 5 3.66 5.32
## 91 25 1.03 5 3.66 5.39
## 92 25 1.03 5 3.66 3.84
## 93 25 1.03 5 3.66 3.15
## 94 26 0.78 5 3.92 5.17
## 95 26 0.78 5 3.92 4.42
## 96 26 0.78 5 3.92 4.65
## 97 26 0.78 5 3.92 3.80
## 98 26 0.78 5 3.92 3.41
## 99 27 0.79 5 2.89 4.12
## 100 27 0.79 5 2.89 3.28
## 101 27 0.79 5 2.89 3.93
## 102 27 0.79 5 2.89 2.96
## 103 27 0.79 5 2.89 2.55
## 104 28 0.91 6 4.54 5.00
## 105 28 0.91 6 4.54 4.36
## 106 28 0.91 6 4.54 7.10
## 107 28 0.91 6 4.54 5.84
## 108 28 0.91 6 4.54 5.68
## 109 28 0.91 6 4.54 2.32
## 110 29 0.67 4 2.75 5.00
## 111 29 0.67 4 2.75 3.81
## 112 29 0.67 4 2.75 4.81
## 113 29 0.67 4 2.75 3.94
## 114 30 0.41 3 1.91 3.16
## 115 30 0.41 3 1.91 2.78
## 116 30 0.41 3 1.91 3.86What’s the average weight of the foxes? (the dataset doesn’t specify a unit)
mean(foxes$weight)## [1] 4.529655If the R code produces graphics, they will show up in the document. Let’s try with a simple histogram of fox weights:
hist(foxes$weight)
You can add more bins to the histogram too:
hist(foxes$weight, breaks = 10)